Sustainability

Sustainability and the Built Environment 
As part of our ongoing commitment to sustainability the MSD Makerspaces has taken a look into the impact our materials have on the environment both during their production and their disposal.
The construction of buildings and built infrastructure assets is a major contributor to global resource demands, waste production, greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. Therefore, the construction industry has an important role to play in reducing the current and future effects of human activities on the natural environment. 
Environmental Flows
The use of natural resources, such as energy, water and raw materials, the generation of waste, and the release of emissions and pollutants are integral to the production of most goods and provision of most services. These environmental flows cover a broad range of resource inputs (i.e. embodied energy, and water) and outputs (i.e. embodied greenhouse gases)to the environment and are considered to be ‘locked in’ once the goods are produced. For example, the embodied environmental flows of a construction project include all flows associated with the production of construction materials, construction activities and the provision of services that support the entire construction process.
Figure 1. Crawford, R, Stephan, A, Prideaux, F.EPiC Database. 2019
Construction results in a broad range of environmental effects that are geographically and temporally dispersed. The type and extent of these effects depend on the scale and type of direct and indirect environmental flows associated with a construction project. Each environmental flow can be converted to an effect on the natural environment, using tools such as a life cycle assessment. This conversion, also known as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), is necessary as different flows will have different environmental consequences. For example, energy from fossil fuels contributes much more to global warming than renewable energy sources do.
Recyclable: This pertains to the recycling methods available through the MSD Makerspaces
Figure 2. Re Sources. 2020
Embodied Energy
The primary energy required by all of the activities associated with a production process and the share of energy used in making equipment and other supporting functions (i.e direct and indirect)
Figure 3. Crawford, R, Stephan, A, Prideaux, F.EPiC Database. 2019
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Process - Bottom-up industry data of inputs and output to a product system related to specific process, processes or activities
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IO - Inputs and outputs. Inputs = the resources required by a processes (e.g. energy or raw materials) Outputs = The waste, emissions, materials and products produced by a process
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Hybrid - The material coefficient based on combining the process and input-output data to produce the hybrid environmental flow coefficient. 
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Embodied Water
The water required by all of the the activities associated with a production process and the share of water used in making equipment and other supporting functions (i.e. direct and indirect)
Figure 4. Crawford, R, Stephan, A, Prideaux, F.EPiC Database. 2019
Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The greenhouse gas emissions (in carbon dioxide equivalent) release during all of the activities associated with a production process and the share of emissions associated with making equipment and other supporting functions (ie. direct and indirect)
Figure 5. Crawford, R, Stephan, A, Prideaux, F.EPiC Database. 2019
An Architects Responsibility
The construction sector provides buildings and infrastructure, and ultimately habitat for humanity. But our homes and cities come at a cost, economically and environmentally. Buildings account for more than a third of global energy use, 39% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, and create a huge demand for freshwater resources. Construction and demolition waste together, are the largest contributor to landfill. 
Figure 6. Roodman. International Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment Programme. 2018

This represents a unique opportunity to communicate values through the built environment. We can shift from being the problem to being the solution if we dramatically change the way we design and construct our buildings and cities. Understanding how they perform and all environmental flows is the first step. 
This starts with a greater awareness of the resource demands and environmental effects that result from our use of construction materials:
Select materials with the lowest environmental effects for one or across a range of environmental flows, informing design aimed at maximising project environmental performance; 
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Quantify the embodied environmental flows associated with a construction project or a larger development, and identify areas with greatest potential for improvement;
 
As part of a life cycle assessment to understand the life cycle environmental performance of a construction project and identify areas or life cycle stages with greatest potential for improvement; 
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Demonstrate compliance with specific performance benchmarks.
Material Impact
As part of our ongoing commitment to sustainability the MSD Maker Spaces has taken a look into the impact our materials have on the environment both during their production and their disposal.
This table shows the energy used to make the materials and their disposal methods ranging from the best (green) to the worst (red).
In the early 1990s the late Graham Treloar developed a passion for assessing and improving the environmental performance of buildings. This led him to develop a new method for quantifying the resource flows associated with materials, specifically their embodied energy. He went on to combine process and input-output data, pioneering what is now known as the Path Exchange hybrid approach, which he subsequently used to develop embodied energy coefficients for a range of construction materials.
Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) : This is the amount of energy in Megajoules (MJ) that is required to make one kilogram (kg) of material.
Recyclable: This pertains to the recycling methods available through the MSD Maker Spaces
Biodegradable: Whether or not the material is capable of being broken down by bacteria and other living organisms.
materials with this green tick are recommended.
Materials with this orange sign are alright to use.
Materials with this red sign should be avoided if possible.
Timber
Plywood
MDF
Steel
Aluminium
Cardboard
Perspex
Polystyrene
All timber types have low embodied energy, they are biodegradable and recyclable. 
Any unused timber can go into the free materials shelves or into the firewood bins, these are regularly emptied by people for heating their homes. 
Scraps that are glued or painted can go in the blue construction waste bin for landfill as it cannot be burned.
Plywood has three times the embodied energy of timber but unlike MDF it is biodegradable and can be re-used.
Larger plywood projects can often be cut up and reused multiple times which is a big advantage of this material over MDF.
 Any scraps too small to use will have to go in the blue construction waste bin for landfill as plywood cannot be burned.
MDF has higher embodied energy than timber, it's not biodegradable and it's very difficult to repair or reuse if damaged.
MDF is a material we like to avoid in the machine workshop due to the very fine dust particles that are created when it's cut. Its fine fibers are bonded together with a toxic glue that makes it unsafe to burn and not properly biodegradable, this is a material that only ends up in landfill. 
It's quite easy to damage and split the edges and corners of MDF and very difficult to repair.
All scraps go in the blue construction waste bin for landfill.
Even though steel has a high initial embodied energy it is a strong and easily recycled material. Recycled steel has one third of the embodied energy of virgin steel.
Steel is a very durable and long lasting material to work with and even the smallest offcuts can go in the scrap metal bin to be recycled and turned into new products.
Aluminium has a very high embodied energy initially but is durable and easily recycled. Recycled aluminium has less than one tenth of the embodied energy of virgin aluminium
All aluminium offcuts can go into the scrap metal bin where it will be recycled and turned into new products.
While cardboard has a higher embodied energy than MDF it is fully biodegradable and recyclable.
Cardboared waste, like all paper products, can go in the mixed recycling bin (with the yellow lid) or the dedicated blue paper and cardboard bins.
Perspex has a very high embodied energy, it can not be recycled and it is not biodegradable.
Perspex is a material we recommend avoiding unless you can't find an alternative. There are no recycling centers in victoria at the moment so any waste ends up in landfill where it can't decompose. 
All waste goes in the general waste bin with the red lid.
This has a high embodied energy, it is not biodegradable and it can't be recycled.
All waste from this material goes in general waste bin with the red lid. 
Database of embodied environmental flow coefficients
EPiC Database 2019.pdf
19MB
PDF
EPiC  Database - Environmental Performance in Construction 
EPiC Database 2019.xlsx
48KB
Binary
EPiC Database - Excel Spreadsheet
Waste Management 

The waste management hierarchy (WMH) is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that protect the environment alongside resource and energy consumption from most favourable to least favourable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on sustainability. To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
The WMH indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages of waste management, and represents the latter part of the life-cycle for each product.
The aim of the WMH is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of the waste management hierarchy can have several benefits.
help prevent emissions of greenhouse gases
reduces pollutants
save energy
conserves resources
create jobs
stimulate the development of green technologies
Figure 7. Drstuey, S. Waste Hierarchy. 2008
Figure 8. Jmarchn, Rodrigo, N. Waste Hierarchy. 2017
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Further Reading
EPiC Database 2019
All EPiC resources, including detailed information for each material contained within the database, are available via the EPiC Database figshare collection. This will be updated as new data are added:
https://doi.org/10.26188/5dd4cd6ad1e2e​
Download the EPiC Database (PDF):
http://doi.org/10.26188/5dc228ef98c5a​
Download the EPiC Database summary table (PDF):
http://doi.org/10.26188/5dc228ef98c5a​
Download the excel version of the EPiC Database (.xlsx):
http://doi.org/10.26188/5dc228ef98c5a​
Open-source modelling tools for Life Cycle Assessment
The code for the object-oriented programming used to conduct structural path analysis is freely available on GitHub (http://github.com/hybridlca/pyspa) with further information located at: http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8080763.v1. It is also available as a Python package (pyspa) from the central Python package index (PyPi).
Academic papers
Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A., & Prideaux, F. (2019) A comprehensive database of environmental flow coefficients for construction materials: closing the loop in environmental design. Paper presented at the Revisiting the Role of Architecture for 'Surviving’ Development, Architectural Science Association, Roorkee, India.
Stephan, A., Crawford, R.H., & Bontinck, P.-A. (2019) A model for streamlining and automating path exchange hybrid life cycle assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 24(2), 237-252. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1521-1​
Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A., & Schmidt, M. (2018) Embodied Carbon in Buildings: An Australian Perspective. In F. Pomponi, C. D. Wolf, & A. Moncaster (Eds.), Embodied Carbon in Buildings. Cham: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72796-7​
Crawford, R.H., Bontinck, P.-A., Stephan, A., Wiedmann, T., & Yu, M. (2018) Hybrid life cycle inventory methods – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1273-1288.  http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.176​
Crawford, R.H., Bontinck, P., & Stephan, A. (2018) Establishing a comprehensive database of construction material environmental flow coefficients for Australia. Paper presented at the Engaging Architectural Science: Meeting the Challenges of Higher Density, Architectural Science Association, Melbourne, Australia.
http://anzasca.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/43-Establishing-a-comprehensive-database-of-construction-material-environmental-flow-coefficients-for-Australia.pdf​
Bontinck, P.-A., Crawford, R. H., & Stephan, A. (2017) Improving the uptake of hybrid life cycle assessment in the construction industry. Procedia Engineering, 196, 822-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.013​
Yu, M., Wiedmann, T., Crawford, R., & Tait, C. (2017) The carbon footprint of Australia's construction sector. Procedia Engineering, 180, 211-220. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.180​
Crawford, R.H., Bontinck, P.-A., Stephan, A., & Wiedmann, T. (2017) Towards an automated approach for compiling hybrid life cycle inventories. Procedia Engineering, 180, 157-166. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.175​