# Metals
## **Choosing the right metal**
To choose the right material for your project, it is essential to understand the basic properties of workable metals. Metals can be split into two categories; Ferrous (those which contain iron), and non-ferrous (those which do not contain iron).
## Ferrous metals
This group is characterised by its tensile strength and durability; making it popular for structural applications. Its iron content makes it both magnetic (with the exception of stainless steel) and susceptible to oxidisation, better known as rust.
### Common Ferrous Metals:
* **Alloy Steel** – such as stainless steel and core-ten.
* **Carbon Steel** – commonly used in fabrication.
Mild Steel or Carbon Steel is manufactured in two ways:
* **Hot Rolled** – Typically used for making larger structural members, it is cheaper but less dimensionally stable.
* **Cold Rolled** – Very dimensionally consistent, it has sharper corners and cleaner finish quality. Typically used for detailed applications and furniture.
## Non-ferrous metals
This group is characterised by its malleability, making it easy to work with. Non-ferrous metals do not contain any iron and therefore are not magnetic and do not corrode through oxidisation (rust). Many non-ferrous metals are alloys, meaning that they are a mix of different metals; for example, brass, which is a mix of copper and zinc. Different ratios of these mixes create different working qualities which can be matched with a specific project or application.
### **Common Non-Ferrous Metals:**
* **Aluminium**
* **Brass**
* **Copper**
* **Titanium**
* **Gold**
* **Silver**
## Which metals can be welded?
Not all metals can be machined or welded using the same tools or processes. Currently, the Maker Spaces have the capabilities to machine and weld **ferrous metals**, such as carbon steel (mild steel) and stainless steel. It is possible to cut, grind and machine any other metal, including non-ferrous metals, however, the process for welding these are currently not available. Consult with a Maker Spaces technician if you have questions about materials.
### Mild Steel (Hot/Cold Rolled)
* Comes in a large selection of dimensions and profiles.
* Typically requires minimal preparation if the material is new.
* Large pieces can be cut to length by the supplier where needed.
* Ideal for structural components or details which are hidden.
* The best choice if you have bends in your design.
* Cost effective and easy to work with.
* Easy to clean and finish.
* It will oxidise (rust) if left unfinished, so this is a good choice if you plan to powder-coat or paint the component.
* Can be welded with MIG or TIG
### Stainless Steel (304 and 316)
* Comes in a limited selection of dimensions and profiles.
* Requires minimal prep.
* Ideal for components which can be seen, or where a raw metal finish is desired.
* Does not oxidise, ideal for outdoor applications.
* Harder and more challenging to work than mild steel.
* More susceptible to distortion when heated.
* More expensive than mild steel.
* More challenging to weld.
* Can be Tig or Mig welded.
**Galvanised steel cannot be welded in the Metal Work Area.** Welding galvanised steel will create noxious fumes which are extremely dangerous to health. If students require galvanisation, this can be achieved as a post-process off-campus. There are special methods for designing for galvanisation. Alternatively, galvanised steel can be joined mechanically; using bolts, rivets or screws.
Galvanised products can typically be identified by their flecked surface appearance as seen below:
### **Aluminium**
* Difficult to weld
### **Titanium**
* Difficult to weld